package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
    fmt.Println("Hello Go")
}

var foo int //什么变量没有初始值
var foo int = 42 // 声明变量有初始值
var foo, bar int = 42, 1302 // 一次性声明初始化多个变量
var foo = 42 // 类型省略
foo := 42 // 简写,支持方法体里面使用,省略关键字,类型推断
const constant = "这是个常量"

// 一个简单函数
func functionName() {}

// 带参数函数 (类型在参数名称之后)
func functionName(param1 string, param2 int) {}

// 多个参数类型一样
func functionName(param1, param2 int) {}

// 定义返回值类型
func functionName() int {
    return 42
}

// 多返回值
func returnMulti() (int, string) {
    return 42, "foobar"
}
var x, str = returnMulti()

// 返回多个命名的返回值
func returnMulti2() (n int, s string) {
    n = 42
    s = "foobar"
    // n and s will be returned
    return
}
var x, str = returnMulti2()

func main() {
    // 把函数赋值给变量
    add := func(a, b int) int {
        return a + b
    }
    // 使用变量名来调用函数
    fmt.Println(add(3, 4))
}


//闭包能够获取定义闭包作用范围内的变量
func scope() func() int{
    outer_var := 2
    foo := func() int { return outer_var}
    return foo
}

func another_scope() func() int{
    //错误 因为outer_var 和 foo 在作用范围内没有被定义
    outer_var = 444
    return foo
}


// 闭包
func outer() (func() int, int) {
    outer_var := 2
    inner := func() int {
        outer_var += 99 //外面占用空间的outer_var值被改变 
        return outer_var
    }
    inner()
    return inner, outer_var //返回 inner 闭包 和被改变的outer_var
}

func main() {
	fmt.Println(adder(1, 2, 3)) 	// 6
	fmt.Println(adder(9, 9))	// 18

	nums := []int{10, 20, 30}
	fmt.Println(adder(nums...))	// 60
}

// By using ... before the type name of the last parameter you can indicate that it takes zero or more of those parameters.
// The function is invoked like any other function except we can pass as many arguments as we want.
func adder(args ...int) int {
	total := 0
	for _, v := range args { // Iterates over the arguments whatever the number.
		total += v
	}
	return total
}

var i int = 42
var f float64 = float64(i)
var u uint = uint(f)

// 另外一种写法
i := 42
f := float64(i)
u := uint(f)

func main() {
	// 基本用法
	if x > 10 {
		return x
	} else if x == 10 {
		return 10
	} else {
		return -x
	}

	// 您可以把一行代码放在添加判断前面使用分号分隔
	if a := b + c; a < 42 {
		return a
	} else {
		return a - 42
	}

	// 类型断言在if条件里面
	var val interface{}
	val = "foo"
	if str, ok := val.(string); ok {
		fmt.Println(str)
	}
}

    // There's only `for`, no `while`, no `until`
    for i := 1; i < 10; i++ {
    }
    for ; i < 10;  { // while - loop
    }
    for i < 10  { // 如果只有一个分号您可以省略分号
    }
    for { // 您可以省略参数 相当于 while (true)
    }

    // switch statement
    switch operatingSystem {
    case "darwin":
        fmt.Println("Mac OS Hipster")
        // cases break automatically, no fallthrough by default
    case "linux":
        fmt.Println("Linux Geek")
    default:
        // Windows, BSD, ...
        fmt.Println("Other")
    }

    // as with for and if, you can have an assignment statement before the switch value
    switch os := runtime.GOOS; os {
    case "darwin": ...
    }

    // you can also make comparisons in switch cases
    number := 42
    switch {
        case number < 42:
            fmt.Println("Smaller")
        case number == 42:
            fmt.Println("Equal")
        case number > 42:
            fmt.Println("Greater")
    }

    // 可以用逗号分隔多个条件变量
    var char byte = '?'
    switch char {
        case ' ', '?', '&', '=', '#', '+', '%':
            fmt.Println("Should escape")
    }

var a [10]int // declare an int array with length 10. Array length is part of the type!
a[3] = 42     // set elements
i := a[3]     // read elements

// 声明和初始化
var a = [2]int{1, 2}
a := [2]int{1, 2} //shorthand
a := [...]int{1, 2} // elipsis -> Compiler figures out array length

var a []int                              // 声明一个切片,和数组类似,但是没有制定长度
var a = []int {1, 2, 3, 4}               // declare and initialize a slice (backed by the array given implicitly)
a := []int{1, 2, 3, 4}                   // shorthand
chars := []string{0:"a", 2:"c", 1: "b"}  // ["a", "b", "c"]

var b = a[lo:hi]	// creates a slice (view of the array) from index lo to hi-1
var b = a[1:4]		// slice from index 1 to 3
var b = a[:3]		// missing low index implies 0
var b = a[3:]		// missing high index implies len(a)
a =  append(a,17,3)	// append items to slice a
c := append(a,b...)	// concatenate slices a and b

// create a slice with make
a = make([]byte, 5, 5)	// 第一个是长度,第二个是容量
a = make([]byte, 5)	// 容量参数是可选的

// 从array得到一个slice
x := [3]string{"Лайка", "Белка", "Стрелка"}
s := x[:] // slice 指向 array x

// loop over an array/a slice
for i, e := range a {
    // i is the index, e the element
}

// if you only need e:
for _, e := range a {
    // e is the element
}

// ...and if you only need the index
for i := range a {
}

// In Go pre-1.4, you'll get a compiler error if you're not using i and e.
// Go 1.4 introduced a variable-free form, so that you can do this
for range time.Tick(time.Second) {
    // do it once a sec
}

var m map[string]int
m = make(map[string]int)
m["key"] = 42
fmt.Println(m["key"])

delete(m, "key")

elem, ok := m["key"] // test if key "key" is present and retrieve it, if so

// map literal
var m = map[string]Vertex{
    "Bell Labs": {40.68433, -74.39967},
    "Google":    {37.42202, -122.08408},
}

// iterate over map content
for key, value := range m {
}

// A struct is a type. It's also a collection of fields

// Declaration
type Vertex struct {
    X, Y int
}

// Creating
var v = Vertex{1, 2}
var v = Vertex{X: 1, Y: 2} // Creates a struct by defining values with keys
var v = []Vertex{{1,2},{5,2},{5,5}} // Initialize a slice of structs

// Accessing members
v.X = 4

// You can declare methods on structs. The struct you want to declare the
// method on (the receiving type) comes between the the func keyword and
// the method name. The struct is copied on each method call(!)
func (v Vertex) Abs() float64 {
    return math.Sqrt(v.X*v.X + v.Y*v.Y)
}

// Call method
v.Abs()

// For mutating methods, you need to use a pointer (see below) to the Struct
// as the type. With this, the struct value is not copied for the method call.
func (v *Vertex) add(n float64) {
    v.X += n
    v.Y += n
}

point := struct {
	X, Y int
}{1, 2}

p := Vertex{1, 2}  // p 是 Vertex实例
q := &p            // q 是指向Vertex实例的指针
r := &Vertex{1, 2} // r 也是指向Vertex实例的指针

//指向Vertex的指针的类型为*Vertex

var s *Vertex = new(Vertex) //new 创建一个指针直线struct实例

// interface declaration
type Awesomizer interface {
    Awesomize() string
}

// types do *not* declare to implement interfaces
type Foo struct {}

// instead, types implicitly satisfy an interface if they implement all required methods
func (foo Foo) Awesomize() string {
    return "Awesome!"
}

// ReadWriter implementations must satisfy both Reader and Writer
type ReadWriter interface {
    Reader
    Writer
}

//server 暴露 logger的全部方法
type Server struct {
    Host string
    Port int
    *log.Logger
}

//嵌套类型和普通类型一样初始化
server := &Server{"localhost", 80, log.New(...)}

//被嵌套的结构体方法在这里一样使用
server.Log(...) // calls server.Logger.Log(...)

//被潜逃的结构体的名称为嵌套的类型名
var logger *log.Logger = server.Logger

type error interface {
    Error() string
}

func doStuff() (int, error) {
}

func main() {
    result, err := doStuff()
    if err != nil {
        // 处理错误
    } else {
        // 没有问题,执行...
    }
}

// 定义一个函数,之后在 `main` 函数中被 `go` 调用
func doStuff(s string) {
}

func main() {
    // 调用函数名作为一个goroutine
    go doStuff("foobar")

    // 在goroutine中使用匿名函数
    go func (x int) {
        // 函数内容
    }(42)
}

ch := make(chan int) // 创建一个int channel
ch <- 42             // 向ch 送入 42
v := <-ch            // 从ch 取回值

// 非buffer channel 堵塞. 读channel 没有值的时候阻塞, 写堵塞直到channel被读取

// 创建一个buffer channel. 写入少于容量的数据不会堵塞
ch := make(chan int, 100)

close(ch) //关闭channel 之应该有发送者来关闭channel

// 从channel 获取值 判断channel是否被关闭
v, ok := <-ch

//如果ok是false导致channel关闭了
//读值直到channel关闭
for i := range ch {
    fmt.Println(i)
}

// select 杜塞 多个 channel 操作. 如果 一个条件没有杜塞 这个代码快的逻辑被执行
func doStuff(channelOut, channelIn chan int) {
    select {
    case channelOut <- 42:
        fmt.Println("We could write to channelOut!")
    case x := <- channelIn:
        fmt.Println("We could read from channelIn")
    case <-time.After(time.Second * 1):
        fmt.Println("timeout")
    }
}

fmt.Println("Hello, 您好, नमस्ते, Привет, ᎣᏏᏲ") // 基本打印 换行
p := struct { X, Y int }{ 17, 2 }
fmt.Println( "My point:", p, "x coord=", p.X ) // 打印结构体
s := fmt.Sprintln( "My point:", p, "x coord=", p.X ) // 打印输出字符串

fmt.Printf("%d hex:%x bin:%b fp:%f sci:%e",17,17,17,17.0,17.0) // c语言央视打印
s2 := fmt.Sprintf( "%d %f", 17, 17.0 ) // 格式化字符串打印

hellomsg := `
 "Hello" in Chinese is 您好 ('Ni Hao')
 "Hello" in Hindi is नमस्ते ('Namaste')
` // 多行字符串,使用 ` 符号. 不会对字符串进行转义

func do(i interface{}) {
	switch v := i.(type) {
	case int:
		fmt.Printf("Twice %v is %v\n", v, v*2)
	case string:
		fmt.Printf("%q is %v bytes long\n", v, len(v))
	default:
		fmt.Printf("I don't know about type %T!\n", v)
	}
}

func main() {
	do(21)
	do("hello")
	do(true)
}

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "net/http"
)

// 定义一个响应struct
type Hello struct{}

// 实现 ServeHTTP method (defined in interface http.Handler) 方法
func (h Hello) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    fmt.Fprint(w, "Hello!")
}

func main() {
    var h Hello
    http.ListenAndServe("localhost:4000", h)
}

// type Handler interface {
//     ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request)
// }